History of Sunscreen

Sunscreen, as we know it today, owes its existence to Franz Greiter, a Swiss chemist. Greiter's invention in 1938, called "Gletscher Crème" or Glacier Cream, after a rough sunburn experience while climbing Mount Piz Buin. This personal encounter with the harsh effects of the sun's rays motivated him to develop a product that effectively protects against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Greiter's pioneering work didn't stop there; he also introduced the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) system in 1974, which has become the universal metric for evaluating sunscreen efficacy.

As of 2023, the global sunscreen market was valued at approximately USD 13 billion. This figure is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 6-7% over the next several years. While offering protection, some sunscreen chemicals have raised health and environmental concerns. Ingredients like oxybenzone, octinoxate, octocrylene, and homosalate are suspected of endocrine disruption (hormonal interference) and have been linked to coral reef bleaching. This has led to restrictions or bans on these chemicals in some regions.

Environmental Impact

The environmental impact of sunscreens, particularly those containing oxybenzone and octinoxate, is significant. These chemicals can harm coral larvae and adult corals, contributing to coral bleaching, a major threat to marine ecosystems. "Reef-safe" sunscreens, formulated without these harmful chemicals, are becoming increasingly popular.

Traditional Natural Sunscreens

Before the advent of commercial sunscreens, people employed various methods to shield themselves from the sun, varying widely across cultures and regions:

1. Clothing and Accessories: Covering the skin with long-sleeved garments, wide-brimmed hats, and veils was common. These physical barriers were among the most effective means of protection.

2. Natural Oils and Extracts: In many cultures, natural substances were used to protect the skin. For instance, ancient Egyptians used extracts from rice, jasmine, and lupine plants, which contain natural UV-absorbing compounds. In South Asia, a paste made from turmeric and other herbs was applied to the skin.

3. Cultural Practices: Some societies developed specific routines to minimize sun exposure, such as avoiding outdoor activities during peak sunlight hours. Sunscreens work through two primary mechanisms, utilizing either organic compounds or inorganic particles as active ingredients:

• Organic compounds: These (like oxybenzone and avobenzone) absorb UV radiation and convert it into less damaging forms of energy, such as heat.

• Inorganic particles: Zinc oxide and titanium dioxide act as physical barriers, reflecting and scattering UV rays away from the skin.

Various cultures have relied on natural ingredients with sun-protective properties for centuries. These traditional sunscreens often included:

1. Shea Butter: In Africa, shea butter has been used for its moisturizing properties and its ability to provide a natural barrier against the sun.

2. Coconut Oil: While not a high SPF, coconut oil has been used in tropical regions for sun protection due to its reflective properties.

3. Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide: These minerals have been used for their ability to physically block UV rays. They are still key ingredients in many modern sunscreens, particularly those labeled as mineral or physical sunscreens.

4. Aloe Vera: Known for its soothing properties, it also protects against UV rays and has been used in various cultures for skin care.

5. Red Raspberry Seed Oil: This oil is noted for its high SPF value and has been used traditionally in some cultures. It is rich in antioxidants and provides a natural barrier against UV radiation.

Make Your Sunscreen

DIY organic sunscreen recipes exist for those seeking a natural and vegan approach. However, it's crucial to understand the limitations:

• Efficacy: Formulating homemade sunscreens with guaranteed SPF protection can be challenging. It is highly recommended that a professional lab test them to determine their actual SPF.

• Safety: Certain natural ingredients may irritate the skin. Before applying liberally, patch test a small area of your forearm.

Ingredients:

• ½ cup shea butter

• ¼ cup non-nano zinc oxide powder

• ¼ cup coconut oil

• ⅓ cup arrowroot powder (to thicken)

• 1 tablespoon red raspberry seed oil (optional, for added SPF)

• 5 drops lavender essential oil (optional, for scent)

Instructions:

1. In a double boiler, melt the shea butter and coconut oil.

2. Remove from heat and let cool slightly.

3. Sift in the zinc oxide powder slowly, whisking constantly to avoid inhaling the dust.

4. Once combined, whisk in the arrowroot powder until smooth.

5. (Optional) Stir in red raspberry seed oil for an additional SPF boost.

6. (Optional) Add lavender essential oil for a light scent. Be sure to choose an essential oil that is safe for sun exposure.

7. Pour the mixture into a container and allow it to solidify at room temperature.

Important Note: Always consult a dermatologist before using any new skincare product, especially if you have sensitive skin.

While organic and homemade sunscreens offer potential environmental and health benefits, ensuring adequate UV protection is critical. Commercially produced, broad-spectrum sunscreens with established SPF ratings are generally safer for extended sun exposure, especially during peak UV hours. Research in sunscreen development is ongoing, focusing on creating safe, effective, and environmentally friendly options for the future.